The first written accounts of perennially frozen ground appeared in the 17th century when Russian traders began exploring remote areas of Siberia and established several cities in regions underlain by permafrost (map). The first attempt to dig a water well in Yakutsk was made during the years 1685 and 1686. At a depth of 30.5 m, the excavation still did not penetrate through the frozen layer.
For studying of air temperature sets and precipitations instead of spars data from meteorological stations often use more accessible climatic archives, where primary observations are processed and girded. They are especially convenient in areas, where a meteorological stations network are rare and non-uniform. Various methods of spatial generalization, from interpolation to complex reanalysis are used for construction of net archives. Results have specific features and describe a climate of separate regions with different accuracy.
Introduction. More than 60% of the Russian territory is located in permafrost regions. Several large cities (Yakutsk, Noril'sk, Vorkuta) with populations of more than a hundred thousand and large river ports are built upon permafrost. The ability of permafrost to support buildings upon it (the bearing capacity) decreases with warming.
